Mechanical deformation of single-crystal ZnO

The deformation behavior of bulk ZnO single crystals is studied by a combination of spherical nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. Results show that ZnO exhibits plastic deformation for relatively low loads ~*4–13 mN with an ;4.2 mm radius spherical indenter!. Interestingly, the elastic–plastic deformation transition threshold depends on the loading rate, with faster loading resulting, on average, in larger threshold values. Multiple discontinuities ~so called ‘‘pop-in’’ events! in force–displacement curves are observed during indentation loading. No discontinuities are observed on unloading. Slip is identified as the major mode of plastic deformation in ZnO, and pop-in events are attributed to the initiation of slip. An analysis of partial load–unload data reveals values of the hardness and Young’s modulus of 5.060.1 and 111.264.7 GPa, respectively, for a plastic penetration depth of 300 nm. Physical processes determining deformation behavior of ZnO are discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1448175#